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How to generate flat terrain and no topographic undulation in Satellite Imagery. Topographic correction is very helpful for Landcover/landuse classification in steep, hilly or mountainous terrain. Topographic correction guarantee more spectral consistent values for similar landcover in the sun side slopes and shadowed slopes. In the end, more accurate landcover classification can be obtained.

DEM Extraction from tiled format high resolution stereo satellite imagery in agisoft metashape

This video tutorial is about how to directly viewing and downloading historical satellite imagery in ArcGIS Pro. ArcGIS Pro must be connected to the internet and you must have access to ESRI Living Atlas for this method to works. Access to ESRI Living Atlas could be obtained by purchasing and subscribing ArcGIS Online organizational account, apply for a 21 days ArcGIS free trial, or apply for ArcGIS Learn program. You can also get a limited time ArcGIS online and Living Atlas access by participating in ESRI MOOC available from esri.com/training.  Using this way, you can view, analyze and download few kinds of satellite imagery sensors available on the market. For example, Landsat-8, Landsat-9. MODIS, Sentinel-2, Sentinel-1, and many others. Some of the URL endpoint you can use as starting point are here.  LANDSAT-8 SENTINEL-2 So far, this is the easiest method to obtain direct access to historical satellite imagery. There are also limitation about this service. One of them is ...

Berbagai macam teknik pemetaan telah dikembangkan dalam mendukung upaya - upaya pencegahan kebakaran hutan di seluruh dunia. Salah satu teknologi pemetaan yang banyak digunakan dalam penanganan kebakaran hutan adalah penggunaaan citra satelit penginderaan jauh.  Normalized Burn Ratio (NBR) Salah satu teknik analisis yang telah dikembangkan dan banyak digunakan adalah teknik Normalized Burn Ratio (NBR) yang diturunkan dari sensor - sensor penginderaan jauh satelit yang memiliki kepekaan spektral hingga spektrum inframerah gelombang pendek ( Short Wave Infra Red ). Contoh-contoh sensor yang dapat menerapkan NBR antara lain Landsat 4 sampai Landsat 9, ASTER, SPOT 5 hingga SPOT 7, Sentinel-2, MODIS, dan berbagai sensor lainnya.  Contoh Hasil Analisis NBR Rumus perhitungan NBR ( mirip dengan NDVI, bedanya hanya saluran yang digunakan ) adalah sebagai berikut: Untuk citra Landsat 8 dan Landsat 9, penerapan NBR berarti menggunakan saluran 5 dan Saluran 7.  Nilai output NBR miri...

Landsat 9 berhasil diluncurkan pada Senin, 27 September 2021 dari Vandenberg Space Force Base di California. Landsat 9 Merekam permukaan bumi selebar 185 kilometer. Resolusi spasial untuk citra multispektral sebesar 30 meter, atau seukuran lapangan bisbol. Untuk band pankromatik resolusi spasialnya sebesar 15 meter. Data Landsat 9 tersedia untuk umum dari USGS, dan dapat diunduh secara bebas, misalnya dari portal EarthExplorer  atau GLOVIS .  Landsat 9 sesuai namanya, merupakan satelit Landsat generasi ke-9 dimana sebelumnya telah diluncurkan Landsat 1 sampai Landsat 8. Secara spesifikasi, Landsat 9 relatif mirip dengan Landsat 8, baik dari sisi sistem maupun jenis data yang dihasilkan.  Landsat Satellite Family (Image Courtesy USGS) Instrumen Landsat-9 terdiri dari Sensor OLI-2 (Operational Land Imager) yang merupakan penerus sensor OLI-1 yang terpasang pada Satelit Landsat-8, dan Sensor TIRS-2 yang merupakan penerus Sensor TIRS-1 yang terpasang pada Landsat-8.  Sen...

How to get radiometric and atmospherically corrected Sentinel-2 Imagery and how to manage the data in ArcGIS Pro.  This video is made for you who still looking for a fast and easy way to get atmospheric-corrected satellite imagery especially Sentinel-2 Imagery. 

This is the newest satellite imagery cloud removal and correction tutorial I have made. The workflow described in this tutorial is similar to my previous tutorial about satellite imagery clouds removal and correction using ArcGIS Desktop. The only difference is, the workflow I described in this video is better. Because this time, we could use the QA Band as the reference cloud mask. So, it is more simple, robust, accurate, precise, and guarantees a better result. It is all thanks to Graphical Raster Functions Editor implemented in ArcGIS Pro. 

Satellite Imagery Orthorectification usually uses interior/exterior orientation information for the photogrammetric collinear equation to works. Satellite Imagery vendors usually gave this information to the users in a form of a sequence of constant numbers written in a certain format and can be consumed by photogrammetry software. This information is called Rational Polynomial Coefficients (RPC) and is usually provided along with other imagery metadata by satellite imagery companies.  This RPC information became the backbone of orthorectification. Without this RPC information, orthorectification can't be done and can't be performed. Fortunately, some remote sensing software can compute this RPC information from the Sensor Characteristics information and it can also be more accurate if complemented by Ground Control Points measured in the field or measured from more accurate imagery.  I will explain how to do this later. In this article, I will show you how to perform orthorec...

Satellite Imagery Orthorectification usually uses interior/exterior orientation information for the photogrammetric collinear equation to works. Satellite Imagery vendors usually gave this information to the users in a form of a sequence of constant numbers written in a certain format and can be consumed by photogrammetry software. This information is called Rational Polynomial Coefficients (RPC) and usually provided along with other imagery metadata by satellite imagery companies.  This RPC information became the backbone of orthorectification. Without this RPC information, orthorectification can't be done and can't be performed. Fortunately, some of the remote sensing software has capabilities to compute this RPC information from the Sensor Characteristics information and complemented by Ground Control Points measured in the field or more accurate imagery.  I will explain how to do this later. In this article, I will show you how to perform orthorectification using custom or...

Cloud cover is a long-time problem for optical imagery analysis in remote sensing. It is obscuring important earth surface object that became the main target on image analysis. There are numerous methods and efforts have been developed to fix the cloud cover problem. The solutions are coming from simple approaches like masking and replacing using a raster calculator or map algebra, to more complex ways like multitemporal pixels blending, fast Fourier transform-based filtering, or even machine learning methods.  The correction results also vary. Sometimes certain method could give a nearly perfect cloudless image, but sometimes it doesn't. One simple way to remove cloud in optical imagery is using the masking and replacing method. This method needs at least two imagery covering the same area at different dates, so it is expected that two imagery will have different cloud cover conditions, and finally, both of them can be merged together to create a cloudless image.  This approa...

How to perform measurement of spectral response pattern of multispectral satellite imagery like Sentinel 2 or Landsat using ESA-SNAP software and spreadsheet programs like Microsoft Excel or Google Sheets. Spectral Response Measurement is one of the most important analysis in remote sensing because it will tell use about the spectral response behavior of the earth surface object. Thus it will helps identify landcover type on the landcover classification and analysis 

ENVISAT is the flagship earth observation satellite of the European Union from 2000 to 2010. It brings a huge number of payloads and sensors. The most well-known are AATSR, ASAR, and MERIS. ASAR (Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar) is the continuation of the ERS1-ERS2 satellites which operate in the nineties to early 2000. The satellite now has been decommissioned due to communication problems, but the data is still considered precious because it is recording the earth phenomena in the last decade.  ENVISAT ASAR data has been available for the public, however, its access right now is quite limited due to EU rules. ENVISAT ASAR data comes in with a wide range of data formats, and all of them are supported to read and process in ESA SNAP Software. So if you have access to ENVISAT ASAR, I advise using ESA SNAP if you want to get maximum benefits of the data. Nonetheless, other SAR Software can also process this data. Recently I have access to the data and I start to play around with th...

How to perform orthorectification in ArcGIS using DEM and imagery metadata

The ability to create natural color composites is common for the past of current operational earth observation satellites. Natural color composites can be described as RGB image composites that have a color composition just like our eyes perceive color. In natural color composites, water would have a blue color, vegetation is green, bare soil or built-up landcover would have brownish to reddish color. You can make natural color composites images using satellite data that has blue spectral region of the electromagnetic spectrum of the sun. Imagery from satellites such as Landsat, Sentinel-2, IKONOS, Quickbird, Worldview, Pleiades, Kompsat, Formosat, and many others have a blue band so generating natural color composites would be an easy matter.  Things are quite different if we have satellite data that didn't have Blue Band such as ASTER or SPOT. For these kinds of imagery, natural color composites generation must be simulated from the available bands. And the results sometimes woul...

Georeferencing is a process to reference geospatial data into known and standardized coordinate system. Georeferencing is part of basic task that all GIS users must have ability to do it. Georeferencing can be done in 2D plane or 3D plane, and it can be applied into raster data and vector data. For Raster data, it could be georeferencing aerial photographs, satellite imagery, or scanned maps in image format. For Vector data, georeferencing usually is called spatial adjustment. Most of GIS and remote sensing software available on the market has this georeferencing ability, either for vector data or raster data.  As I already mentioned above, Georeferencing for raster data can be classified into two kinds of raster data. First is Scanned Maps in Image/PDF format, and second is for Satellite Imagery or Aerial Photographs. For earch type of data, the georeferencing procedures are little bit different. In this article I will talks about georeferencing satellite imagery and aerial photog...